Catalysts are substances that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. They work by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction, making it faster or more efficient. Catalysts are widely used in industries like petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and environmental management to produce fuels, medications, and reduce pollution. There are various types, including homogeneous (in the same phase as reactants) and heterogeneous (in a different phase), as well as biological catalysts like enzymes, which play essential roles in living organisms.
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